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عمومی::
گیرنده toll-like
, Conservation and divergence in Toll-like receptor 4-regulated gene expression in primary human versus mouse macrophages, Proc.
For example, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, is a PAMP that macrophages recognize via binding with toll-like receptor 4 (Bianchi and Manfredi, 2009).
Secreted: IL-10, CD206, TGF-β, MMP-9 involved in vascular and matrix remodeling; some shared characteristics with Mhem M2d - - Secreted: VEGF, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, pro-angiogenic; activated in vitro by TGF-β stimulating adenosine and toll-like receptors Mhem HA-Mac; Heme-directed macrophage M(Hb) Surface: CD163, CD206
M2d macrophages are activated by concurrent stimulation of toll-like receptor (via IL-6) and adenosine A2A receptors (Ferrante and Leibovich, 2012; Roszer, 2015).
For example, De Nardo and colleagues investigated the mechanisms by which high-density lipoprotein (HDL) protects against atherosclerosis and identified the transcriptional regulator ATF3 as an HDL- inducible target that downregulates Toll-like receptor (TLR)- induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages (De Nardo et al.
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